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今天是伟大的中国人民解放军建军95周年纪念日,连日来,我市各地纷纷组织开展形式多样的庆祝慰问活动,弘扬爱国主义主旋律、汇聚强军兴国正能量,激发广大军人军属政治荣誉感和官兵建功军营的热情,营造全社会关心国防、热爱国防、建设国防、保卫国防的浓厚氛围。

在临渭区解放办光华社区91岁退役老兵仲明臣家中,工作人员特意看望老人并进行了亲切交谈,倾听这位老兵讲述烽烟故事。

退役老兵 仲明臣:抗美援朝我们打败了17个国家,我们那时候的枪支弹药都是老式的,吃的也跟不上,穿的都是亚热带地区的棉衣,有好多战士冻死了,就这样艰苦的情况下我们战士的这种精神,打败了17个国家。

在退役老兵李长聆的志愿服务站,老人正在给群众修理电水壶,退休后他利用自学维修技术,免费为群众修理各种小家电。而他的修理铺,已成为远近闻名的爱心岗。

退役老兵 李长聆:能有今天,从一个退休的普通老头,现在成了“中国好人”,我的起点就是我们光华社区。我现在就是利用我的有生之年,更多的做一些事情,做一些有意义的事情。

临渭区解放街道光华社区党委书记 肖德义:在“八一”来临 之际,我们光华社区党委组织辖区陕西秦城园林有限公司,对辖区的退役老兵进行了慰问,这次慰问,将在我们社区中发挥老兵的模范带头作用,使大家积极投入到志愿服务行列之中来。

八一节前夕,华州区为现役荣立“二等功”军人上门送荣誉,在柳枝镇钟张村,探亲在家的现役军人张超超佩戴上了荣誉绶带,家人和他一起接过了“二等功臣之家”的荣誉牌匾和慰问金,这让一家人和村邻们都非常振奋。

张超超母亲 菊冬芳:我儿子获得二等功,我和我的家人非常高兴,感谢党和部队对他的培养,希望他以后在部队再接再厉,继续努力。

火箭军某部干部 张超超:感谢部队的培养,感谢家人的支持,在接下来的军旅生活中,我会更加努力,再接再厉为家乡人民做出更大的贡献。

蒲城县“喜迎二十大·奋进新征程” 为主题,举行第二届“最美退役军人”表彰大会暨庆八一文艺汇演。向驻地解放军指战员、武警官兵、军队离退休老干部和广大退役军人致以节日的慰问,激励退役军人在人生的“第二战场”上勇闯新路,创造光辉业绩。

蒲城县大数据中心工会主席 综合股股长 胡平:身为一名退役军人,同时作为一名年轻干部,我将立足本职岗位,创新工作方法,改变工作作风,为我县县域经济高质量发展贡献大数据力量。

在澄城烈士陵园,县退役军人事务局组织部分退役军人代表通过祭扫英烈、红色党课活动开展,接受爱国主义教育。

韩城市退役军人事务局和退役军人就业创业服务协会共同组织部分退役军人和退役军人家属开展“看红色电影 忆峥嵘岁月”活动,通过唱响红色歌曲、看红色电影,凝聚精神、振奋信心,积极投身社会建设,在平凡的岗位上再续辉煌。

合阳、大荔等地分别召开大会,庆祝建军95周年。

记者:杨凡 华州融媒:乐涛 贾苗 韩城融媒 范增辉 蒲城融媒:褚鑫 合阳融媒:李珍 侯坤昊 澄城融媒:梁丽 思栋 大荔融媒:孙涛 张沛

编辑:李凌之

初审:郭晶

终审:高红星

 

编译 | 冯维维

Science, 26 JULY 2019, VOL 365, ISSUE 6451

《科学》2019年7月26日,第365卷6451期

细胞学 Cytology

Stem cell differentiation trajectories in Hydra resolved at single-cell resolution

以单细胞分辨率解析水螅干细胞分化轨迹

作者:Stefan Siebert, Jeffrey A. Farrell, Jack F. Cazet, Yashodara Abeykoon, Abby S. Primack, Christine E. Schnitzler, Celina E. Juliano

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/eaav9314

摘要:

成年水螅通过三种不同干细胞群不断更新其所有的细胞,但这种自我平衡组织维持方式的遗传途径尚不清楚。

作者对24985个水螅单细胞转录组进行测序,鉴定了从干细胞到最终分化细胞等多种细胞状态的分子特征。

在此基础上构建了每个细胞谱系的分化轨迹,并确定了沿着这些轨迹表达的基因模块和假定的调控因子,从而创建了一个成年水螅所有发育谱系的分子图。

此外,作者建立了水螅神经系统的基因表达图谱。这一研究有助于解决有关后生动物的发展过程和神经系统功能的进化问题。

Abstract

The adult Hydra polyp continually renews all of its cells using three separate stem cell populations, but the genetic pathways enabling this homeostatic tissue maintenance are not well understood. We sequenced 24,985 Hydra single-cell transcriptomes and identified the molecular signatures of a broad spectrum of cell states, from stem cells to terminally differentiated cells. We constructed differentiation trajectories for each cell lineage and identified gene modules and putative regulators expressed along these trajectories, thus creating a comprehensive molecular map of all developmental lineages in the adult animal. In addition, we built a gene expression map of the Hydra nervous system. Our work constitutes a resource for addressing questions regarding the evolution of metazoan developmental processes and nervous system function.

T cell–mediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity

T细胞介导的微生物群调控可防止肥胖

作者:Charisse Petersen, Rickesha Bell, Kendra A. Klag, Soh-Hyun Lee, W. Zac Stephens1, June L. Round, etc.

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/eaat9351

摘要:

在对宿主与微生物群相互作用的研究中,作者观察了年龄相关性代谢综合征(MetS)的发展。

在研究模型中,脱硫弧菌的扩张和梭状芽孢杆菌的丢失是与肥胖相关的关键特征,并且在患有Met的人群中也存在。转录和代谢分析显示肥胖宿主的脂质吸收增强。

在无菌小鼠体内定植梭状芽孢杆菌,但不定植脱硫弧菌,这是一种控制脂质吸收和降低肥胖的下调基因。

因此,对微生物群的免疫控制可以维持有益的微生物种群,从而抑制脂质代谢,防止Met。

Abstract

The microbiota influences obesity, yet organisms that protect from disease remain unknown. During studies interrogating host-microbiota interactions, we observed the development of age-associated metabolic syndrome (MetS). Expansion of Desulfovibrio and loss of Clostridia were key features associated with obesity in this model and are present in humans with MetS. Transcriptional and metabolic analysis revealed enhanced lipid absorption in the obese host. Colonization of germ-free mice with Clostridia, but not Desulfovibrio, down-regulated genes that control lipid absorption and reduced adiposity. Thus, immune control of the microbiota maintains beneficial microbial populations that constrain lipid metabolism to prevent MetS.

物理学 Physics

Spatiotemporal light control with frequency-gradient metasurfaces

频率梯度超表面的时空光控制

作者:Amr M. Shaltout, Konstantinos G. Lagoudakis, Jorik van de Groep, Soo Jin Kim, Jelena Vučković, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Mark L. Brongersma

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/374

摘要:

作者提出了一种基于虚拟频率梯度超表面的连续引导光的方法。

光的时空重定向自然发生在光的相位前缘,以一种由跨越虚拟超表面的频率梯度控制的速度重新定向。

作者用8皮秒内单元表面角度超过25°的情况, 在实验中实现了一种具有连续转向角的激光束转向。

这项工作可以支持集成在芯片上的时空光控制解决方案,直接影响到新兴的应用,如固态光探测和测距(激光雷达)、三维成像和增强或虚拟系统。

Abstract

We present an approach to continuously steer light that is based on creating a virtual frequency-gradient metasurface by combining a passive metasurface with an advanced frequency-comb source. Spatiotemporal redirection of light naturally occurs as optical phase-fronts reorient at a speed controlled by the frequency gradient across the virtual metasurface. An experimental realization of laser beam steering with a continuously changing steering angle is demonstrated with a single metasurface over an angle of 25° in just 8 picoseconds. This work can support integrated-on-chip solutions for spatiotemporal optical control, directly affecting emerging applications such as solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR), three-dimensional imaging, and augmented or virtual systems.

Singular angular magnetoresistance in a magnetic nodal semimetal

半金属磁性节点中的奇异角磁电阻

作者:T. Suzuki1, L. Savary, J.-P. Liu, J. W. Lynn, L. Balents, J. G. Checkelsky

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/377

摘要:

关联电子系统的输运系数常用于映射具有不同对称性的隐相。

作者报告了磁性半金属铈铝锗(CeAlGe)体系中以奇异角磁电阻(SAMR)形式自发对称性破缺的输运特征。

这种每弧度超过1000%的角响应局限在高对称轴上,半最大值处全宽度小于1°,可以通过硅的等电子部分取代锗来调节。

SAMR现象从理论上解释为可控高阻畴壁的结果,这是由于强耦合到近节电子结构上的磁点群对称性的破坏引起的。

研究通过晶格对称性和位置对称性,确定了高角灵敏度工程磁性材料的成分。

Abstract

Transport coefficients of correlated electron systems are often useful for mapping hidden phases with distinct symmetries. Here we report a transport signature of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the magnetic Weyl semimetal cerium-aluminum-germanium (CeAlGe) system in the form of singular angular magnetoresistance (SAMR). This angular response exceeding 1000% per radian is confined along the high-symmetry axes with a full width at half maximum reaching less than 1° and is tunable via isoelectronic partial substitution of silicon for germanium. The SAMR phenomena is explained theoretically as a consequence of controllable high-resistance domain walls, arising from the breaking of magnetic point group symmetry strongly coupled to a nearly nodal electronic structure. This study indicates ingredients for engineering magnetic materials with high angular sensitivity by lattice and site symmetries.

基因组学 Genomics

Cryptic genetic variation accelerates evolution by opening access to diverse adaptive peaks

隐性遗传变异通过打开不同的适应性高峰加速进化

作者:Jia Zheng, Joshua L. Payne, Andreas Wagner

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/347

摘要:

隐性遗传变异可促进进化种群的适应。

为了阐明其潜在的遗传机制,作者利用大肠杆菌的定向进化积累了黄色荧光蛋白种群的变异,然后将这些蛋白进化为新的绿色荧光表型。

具有隐性变异的群体比不具有隐性变异的群体具有更大的多样性和更高的适应度,并向相似的基因型趋同。

具有隐性变异的群体积累了中性或有害突变,打破了适应性突变产生顺序的限制。

在此过程中,隐性变异为适应性基因型开辟了道路,创造了历史偶然性,并通过允许不同的复制种群爬上不同的适应性高峰,探索适应性景观中其他无法到达的区域,降低了进化的可预测性。

Abstract

Cryptic genetic variation can facilitate adaptation in evolving populations. To elucidate the underlying genetic mechanisms, we used directed evolution in Escherichia coli to accumulate variation in populations of yellow fluorescent proteins and then evolved these proteins toward the new phenotype of green fluorescence. Populations with cryptic variation evolved adaptive genotypes with greater diversity and higher fitness than populations without cryptic variation, which converged on similar genotypes. Populations with cryptic variation accumulated neutral or deleterious mutations that break the constraints on the order in which adaptive mutations arise. In doing so, cryptic variation opens paths to adaptive genotypes, creates historical contingency, and reduces the predictability of evolution by allowing different replicate populations to climb different adaptive peaks and explore otherwise-inaccessible regions of an adaptive landscape.

A rice gene that confers broad-spectrum resistance to β-triketone herbicides

一个基因赋予水稻广谱β三酮除草剂抗性

作者:Hideo Maeda, Kazumasa Murata, Nozomi Sakuma, Satomi Takei, Hiroshi Kato, Hitoshi Yoshida, Yuzuru Tozawa, etc.

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/393

摘要:

水稻品种的遗传变异为水稻品种的进一步改良提供了资源。一些水稻品种对双环磺草酮(BBC)敏感,这是一种可抑制羟苯丙酮酸二加氧酶(HPPD)的β三酮除草剂。

作者识别出水稻基因HIS1,可对BBC和其他β三酮除草剂产生抗性。

研究表明,HIS1编码一个依赖于铁(II) / 2-酮戊二酸的加氧酶,可通过催化羟基化解开β三酮除草剂的毒性。

系谱分析显示,对BBC敏感的水稻变异从一个籼稻品种遗传了一个功能失调的his1等位基因。

在拟南芥中被迫表达HIS1基因,作者发现其不仅对BBC,还对另外四种β三酮除草剂存在抗性。作者表示,HIS1或对培育抗除草剂作物有用。

Abstract

The genetic variation of rice cultivars provides a resource for further varietal improvement through breeding. Some rice varieties are sensitive to benzobicyclon (BBC), a β-triketone herbicide that inhibits 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). Here we identify a rice gene, HIS1, that confers resistance to BBC and other β-triketone herbicides. We show that HIS1 encodes an Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate–dependent oxygenase that detoxifies β-triketone herbicides by catalyzing their hydroxylation. Genealogy analysis revealed that BBC-sensitive rice variants inherited a dysfunctional his1 allele from an indica rice variety. Forced expression of HIS1 in Arabidopsis conferred resistance not only to BBC but also to four additional β-triketone herbicides. HIS1 may prove useful for breeding herbicide-resistant crops.

气候科学 Climate Sciences

Direct observations of submarine melt and subsurface geometry at a tidewater glacier

对潮汐冰川海底融化和地下几何形状的直接观察

作者:D. A. Sutherland1, R. H. Jackson, C. Kienholz, J. M. Amundson, W. P. Dryer, D. Duncan, E. F. Eidam, R. J. Motyka, J. D. Nash

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/369

摘要:

世界冰川和冰原造成的冰损失导致海平面上升,影响海洋循环和生态系统的生产力。

正在发生的冰川和冰盖的变化是由冰山海底融化和从潮汐冰川边缘崩解造成的。

然而,冰川变化的预测在很大程度上依赖于海底融化的无约束理论。

作者使用重复的多波束声纳测量对一个地下潮汐冰川表面进行成像,并记录可一个与融化和崩解模式相关的时变三维几何图。

在调查的两个季节里,整个冰面的海底融化率都很高,而且从春季到夏季还在增加。

作者观测到的冰川融化速度比理论预测的要高出两个数量级,这对目前潮汐冰川冰损失的模拟提出了挑战。

Abstract

Ice loss from the world’s glaciers and ice sheets contributes to sea level rise, influences ocean circulation, and affects ecosystem productivity. Ongoing changes in glaciers and ice sheets are driven by submarine melting and iceberg calving from tidewater glacier margins. However, predictions of glacier change largely rest on unconstrained theory for submarine melting. Here, we use repeat multibeam sonar surveys to image a subsurface tidewater glacier face and document a time-variable, three-dimensional geometry linked to melting and calving patterns. Submarine melt rates are high across the entire ice face over both seasons surveyed and increase from spring to summer. The observed melt rates are up to two orders of magnitude greater than predicted by theory, challenging current simulations of ice loss from tidewater glaciers.

电化学 electrochemistry

Molecular electrocatalysts can mediate fast, selective CO2reduction in a flow cell

分子电催化剂可介导液流电池快速、选择性的 CO2还原

作者:Shaoxuan Ren, Dorian Joulié, Danielle Salvatore, Kristian Torbensen, Min Wang, Marc Robert, Curtis P. Berlinguette

链接:

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6451/367

摘要:

实际的电化学二氧化碳( CO2)转化需要一种催化剂,从而在高电流密度下有效调节单个产物的形成,并具有高选择性。

作者研究表明,在150 mA/cm2的零间隙膜流反应器中,酞菁钴作为一种广泛应用的分子催化剂,在选择性为> 95%的条件下,可介导 CO2与CO的生成。

分子催化剂在这些操作条件下能够高效工作的发现,为优化 CO2RR催化剂和电解槽提供了一种独特的方法。

Abstract

Practical electrochemical carbon dioxide ( CO2) conversion requires a catalyst capable of mediating the efficient formation of a single product with high selectivity at high current densities. We show here that cobalt phthalocyanine, a widely available molecular catalyst, can mediate CO2to CO formation in a zero-gap membrane flow reactor with selectivities > 95% at 150 mA/cm2. The revelation that molecular catalysts can work efficiently under these operating conditions illuminates a distinct approach for optimizing CO2RR catalysts and electrolyzers.

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